The Inkstone
The inkstone provides the grinding surface for preparing liquid ink from solid inksticks. Stone quality directly affects ink preparation efficiency and results. Four inkstone types achieved particular renown: Duan, She, Tao, and Chengni. Understanding their characteristics helps practitioners select appropriate stones.
Duan Inkstone
Duan inkstones from Guangdong province rank first among the four famous types. The stone occurs in purple, green, and mixed colorations with fine, even texture. Quality Duan stone feels smooth and slightly moist to the touch.
The best Duan stone shows 'fish roe' patterns—fine dots visible on the surface. Different quarry locations produce color variations; old (pit) material is preferred to new. Duan inkstones were imperial tribute items from the Tang dynasty onward.
She Inkstone
She inkstones from Anhui province offer harder, more resonant stone than Duan. The material features distinctive patterns including 'rooster tail' and 'water wave' effects. She stone produces sharp, crisp ink suitable for precise brushwork.
The harder surface wears more slowly than Duan, making She inkstones durable for daily use. Some calligraphers prefer She stone for its audible feedback during grinding. The tradition is particularly associated with the Song dynasty.
Tao and Chengni Inkstones
Tao inkstones from Gansu province represent a harder, greener stone type. The material was particularly valued during the Song dynasty, though production declined subsequently. Genuine Tao inkstones are rare in the contemporary market.
Chengni inkstones differ fundamentally from quarried stone—they are molded from processed clay and fired like ceramics. Produced in Shanxi province, these inkstones were particularly popular during the Tang and Song dynasties. Quality Chengni rivals stone for grinding efficiency.
Selection and Care
Quality indicators include fine, even texture without grit or inclusions. The grinding surface should feel smooth but not glassy—slight tooth helps break down inkstick particles. Sound when tapped indicates structural integrity.
Care involves regular cleaning after use and avoiding extreme temperatures or impacts. Traditional practice includes periodically seasoning inkstones with tea to develop patina. Never use abrasive materials that might damage the grinding surface.