Many people practice calligraphy for a long time with good individual characters, but complete works look chaotic. The problem isn't the characters but composition (章法) - the overall arrangement of characters, lines, inscriptions, and seals.
Three Elements of Calligraphy
Brush technique (lines), character structure, and composition (overall layout). Composition is the 'global格局' that unifies the work's气息, balances virtual and real elements, highlights themes, and elevates artistic quality.
Three Layout Forms
1. Rows and columns aligned (most stable for beginners): Suitable for regular, clerical, and seal scripts. 2. Rows aligned, columns free (dynamic and commonly used): Suitable for running script. 3. Free layout (bold and difficult): Suitable for cursive script - beginners should avoid.
Inscription Rules
Inscriptions include name, date, location, and script type. Types include: simple inscription (name only), long inscription (complete information), and double inscription (for gifts). Rules: place on the left side, use more lively script than the main text, keep smaller than main text, use traditional Chinese calendar dates.
Seal Rules
Use 1-3 seals maximum. Name seals (square) go below the inscription. Decorative seals can be placed at the upper right (leading seal) or lower left (balancing seal). Seals should be smaller than inscription characters, not cover characters, and maintain阴阳 balance.